Latvia Highlights . [113] Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden. A law expanding the scope for selling land, including to foreigners, was passed in 1997. The Soviets reoccupied the country in 1944–1945, and further deportations followed as the country was collectivised 56 percent[84] of Latvia's territory is covered by forests, mostly Scots pine, birch, and Norway spruce. [3] However, by the 1930s the country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 establishing an authoritarian regime under Kārlis Ulmanis. The largest city in Latvia is Riga, the second largest city is Daugavpils and the third largest city is Liepaja. An internal document of 18 March 1987, near the end of communist rule, spoke of an active membership that had shrunk to only 25,000 in Latvia, but the faith has since experienced a revival. Latvian cuisine has been influenced by the neighbouring countries. [187] VET ([1] In the education system and policy of Latvia VET is referred to as ‘vocational education’ (in Latvian: ‘profesionālā izglītība’).The term ‘training’ is not commonly used in the national context.) Latvia had its own film industry and musical records factory (LPs). Latvia was the last of the states which would join the EU in 2004 to hold a referendum on the issue. [114] Joint Nordic-Baltic co-operation initiatives include the education programme NordPlus[115] and mobility programmes for public administration,[116] business and industry[117] and culture. [151], Latvian civilian experts have contributed to EU civilian missions: border assistance mission to Moldova and Ukraine (2005–2009), rule of law missions in Iraq (2006 and 2007) and Kosovo (since 2008), police mission in Afghanistan (since 2007) and monitoring mission in Georgia (since 2008). [60] Latvia, then a puppet government, was headed by Augusts Kirhenšteins. As Latvia's "embassy to the EU", its main task is to ensure that the country's interests and policies are pursued as effectively as possible in the EU. It was a member of the League of Nations (1921–1946). In 2020, Latvia's contribution to the EU budget is EUR 317.34 million. The unemployment rate has receded from its peak of more than 20 percent in 2010 to around 9.3 percent in 2014. [144] Latvian armed forces contributed to a UK-led Battlegroup in 2013 and the Nordic Battlegroup in 2015 under the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union. This advisory body – representing employers, workers and other interest groups – is consulted on proposed laws, to get a better idea of the possible changes to work and social situations in member countries. (KPV LV). The country is subdivided into 110 one-level municipalities and 9 cities. In the 23rd block of the Vorverker cemetery, a monument was erected after the Second World War for the people of Latvia, who had died in Lübeck from 1945 to 1950. This system also existed before World War II. However, most indigenous Latvians did not participate in this particular cultural life. Destination Latvia, one of the three Baltic states, situated on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, between Estonia and Lithuania. Latvia has ratified the international Washington, Bern, and Ramsare conventions. As a consequence, the majority of ethnic non-Latvians did not receive Latvian citizenship since neither they nor their parents had ever been citizens of Latvia, becoming non-citizens or citizens of other former Soviet republics. The Soviets immediately began to reinstate the Soviet system. Latvia has a long and successful tradition of extra-curricular education, called interest-related or hobby education. Most transit traffic uses these and half the cargo is crude oil and oil products. Both nowadays cover a variety of different fields. [36] The first missionaries, sent by the Pope, sailed up the Daugava River in the late 12th century, seeking converts. The country is also bordered by Russia and Belarus, and it … [78], In spite of this, 73% of all Latvian residents confirmed their strong support for independence on 3 March 1991, in a non-binding advisory referendum. There were some spontaneous uprisings by Latvians against the Red Army which helped the Germans. It covers the member state of Latvia. [citation needed] In practice, however, the emancipation was actually advantageous to the landowners and nobility,[citation needed] as it dispossessed peasants of their land without compensation, forcing them to return to work at the estates "of their own free will". The terms inspired the variations on the country's name in Romance languages from "Letonia" and in several Germanic languages from "Lettland". To work and reside in Latvia as a highly-qualified worker for longer than 90 days within half a year (counting from the first day of entrance), you can apply for an EU Blue Card. and Sovieticised. Demands for self-determination were initially confined to autonomy, until a power vacuum was created by the Russian Revolution in 1917, followed by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany in March 1918, then the Allied armistice with Germany on 11 November 1918. Give feedback about this website or report a problem, Institutions, bodies & agencies – contact & visit details, The following link is a redirection to an external website, Public contracts in the EU – rules and guidelines, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in PPS, Current presidency of the Council of the EU, Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), European Economic and Social Committee (EESC), European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS), The European Data Protection Board (EDPB), Total EU spend in Latvia – € 1.212 billion, Total contribution to EU budget – 0.234 billion. ", "Sabres' Girgensons expands lead as top vote-getter in 2015 NHL All-Star Fan Vote presented by SiriusXM", "Pajon, Strombergs win Olympic BMX Finals", The Shadow in the East: Vladimir Putin and the New Baltic Front, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944-1991, Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvia&oldid=1000769773, Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Russian-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1918, States and territories established in 1991, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with Latvian-language sources (lv), Articles with dead external links from August 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Latvian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009, Articles needing additional references from March 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Officially the Republic of China, participates as ", This page was last edited on 16 January 2021, at 16:54. airBaltic is the Latvian flag carrier airline and a low-cost carrier with hubs in all three Baltic States, but main base in Riga, Latvia. [125][137][138], The National Armed Forces (Latvian: Nacionālie Bruņotie Spēki (NAF)) of Latvia consists of the Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force, National Guard, Special Tasks Unit, Military Police, NAF staff Battalion, Training and Doctrine Command, and Logistics Command. In the same year, the United States of America exported $58.2 million of goods and services to Latvia and imported $87.9 million. On 5 October 1939, Latvia was forced to accept a "mutual assistance" pact with the Soviet Union, granting the Soviets the right to station between 25,000 and 30,000 troops on Latvian territory. By 29 June Riga was reached and with Soviet troops killed, captured or retreating, Latvia was left under the control of German forces by early July. Latvia is a parliamentary republic with a head of government - the prime minister - who chooses the council of ministers and a head of state - the president - who has a largely ceremonial role and nominates the prime minister. The president is elected by the Saeima in a separate election, also held every four years. Real GDP growth of 5.5 percent in 2011 was underpinned by export growth and a recovery in domestic demand. The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly (BA) and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers (BCM). In the summer of 1988, a national movement, coalescing in the Popular Front of Latvia, was opposed by the Interfront. [86][93], Latvia has the 5th highest proportion of land covered by forests in the European Union, after Sweden, Finland, Estonia and Slovenia. [23] Latvians and Livonians are the indigenous people of Latvia. On 28 December 2020, the Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia discussed the agreement achieved on 24 December between the European Union and the United Kingdom on their future relationship after the... Read more. In the summer of 1987, the first large demonstrations were held in Riga at the Freedom Monument—a symbol of independence. [74] The population of Latvia reached its peak in 1990 at just under 2.7 million people. How much each EU country pays into the EU budget is calculated fairly, according to means. Latvia Jānis Rungulis is an EU’s strategic communications expert. Albeit having experienced a difficult transition to a liberal economy and its re-orientation toward Western Europe, Latvia is one of the fastest growing economies in the European Union. [149] Since 1996 more than 3600 military personnel have participated in international operations,[141] of whom 7 soldiers perished. [54], Early in the morning of 24 August 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed a 10-year non-aggression pact, called the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. World War I devastated the territory of what became the state of Latvia, and other western parts of the Russian Empire. [165], Latvia's unemployment rate rose sharply in this period from a low of 5.4% in November 2007 to over 22%. [citation needed] To maintain and expand industrial production, skilled workers were migrating from all over the Soviet Union, decreasing the proportion of ethnic Latvians in the republic. CCPR/CO/79/LVA, 1 December 2003, "A new kind of citizenship accepted by EU? In the course of the war, both occupying forces conscripted Latvians into their armies, in this way increasing the loss of the nation's "live resources". In the Council of the EU, national ministers meet regularly to adopt EU laws and coordinate policies. This aroused popular protests against the USSR and also gave rise to an increasing popularity of poetry. [22] Latvia is a democratic sovereign state, parliamentary republic. Latvia has 7 representatives on the European Committee of the Regions, the EU's assembly of regional and local representatives. 24 -25 November. Extension from north to south is 210 km (130 mi) and from west to east 450 km (280 mi). Representing 10.2% of Latvia's total foreign direct investment, American companies invested $127 million in 1999. It is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, Belarus to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west. The country is subdivided into 110 one-level municipalities and 9 cities. [42], In the 17th and early 18th centuries, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and Russia struggled for supremacy in the eastern Baltic. The 19th century and beginning of the 20th century is often regarded by Latvians as a classical era of Latvian culture. [84], Latvia has over 12,500 rivers, which stretch for 38,000 km (24,000 mi). [199], The Latvian healthcare system is a universal programme, largely funded through government taxation. [93] There are 706 specially state-level protected natural areas in Latvia: four national parks, one biosphere reserve, 42 nature parks, nine areas of protected landscapes, 260 nature reserves, four strict nature reserves, 355 nature monuments, seven protected marine areas and 24 microreserves. The Latvian diplomat is not responsible for relations with another nation — but with his own country’s diaspora. [41] Though the duchy was a vassal state to Poland, it retained a considerable degree of autonomy and experienced a golden age in the 16th century. [184], The share of ethnic Latvians had fallen from 77% (1,467,035) in 1935 to 52% (1,387,757) in 1989. Latvia’s currency is Euro (€) since it became a member of the Eurozone on January 1, 2014. [79], The Republic of Latvia declared the end of the transitional period and restored full independence on 21 August 1991, in the aftermath of the failed Soviet coup attempt. The government remains subject to Parliament's approval throughout each term. [60] Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions. [188] According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. As of 1 May 2004 it is a member State of the European Union (more info). [37] Riga became an important point of east–west trading[37] and formed close cultural links with Western Europe. Bulgaria has committed to adopt the euro once it fulfils the necessary conditions. Approximately 30,000 performers altogether participate in the event. [176], National road network in Latvia totals 1675 km of main roads, 5473 km of regional roads and 13 064 km of local roads. Since independence, theatre, scenography, choir music, and classical music have become the most notable branches of Latvian culture. Winters have average temperatures of −6 °C (21 °F) and are characterized by stable snow cover, bright sunshine, and short days. [165] As of 2015, Latvia is estimated to have the lowest male-to-female ratio in the world, at 0.85 males/female. In terms of imports, 75% come from EU Member States (Lithuania 17%, Germany 11% and Poland 9%), while outside the EU 8% come from Russia and 4% from Canada. The following article is a part of a series of brief country profiles for the EU-28 ahead of the European elections in May. [212], Grey peas and ham are generally considered as staple foods of Latvians. [157] Following the introduction of the Euro, Eurobarometer surveys in January 2014 showed support for the Euro to be around 53%, close to the European average. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}57°N 25°E / 57°N 25°E / 57; 25, – in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]. Since then, Lutheranism has declined to a slightly greater extent than Roman Catholicism in all three Baltic states. [213] Rupjmaize is a dark bread made from rye, considered the national staple.[214][215]. They promoted Latvian culture and encouraged Latvians to take part in cultural activities. The pact contained a secret protocol, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, according to which the states of Northern and Eastern Europe were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". In 1897, 61.2% of the rural population had been landless; by 1936, that percentage had been reduced to 18%. Russia ended its military presence by completing its troop withdrawal in 1994 and shutting down the Skrunda-1 radar station in 1998. Extraordinary Brussels European Council confirms the EU's determination to conclude accession negotiations with 10 EU candidate states, including Latvia, at the Copenhagen European Council on December 12 – 13 and to sign the accession treaty in April, 2003. [196], Latvian policy in science and technology has set out the long-term goal of transitioning from labor-consuming economy to knowledge-based economy. With most of Latvia's industrial base evacuated to the interior of Russia in 1915, radical land reform was the central political question for the young state. Latvia participates in several NATO Centres of Excellence: Civil-Military Co-operation in the Netherlands, Cooperative Cyber Defence in Estonia and Energy Security in Lithuania. Although the stateless population has not been mapped, the Latvian authorities count and publish population data on statelessness, with a ‘stateless’ (bezvalstnieks) category in national statistics. Latvia has a long and successful tradition of extra-curricular education, called interest-related or hobby education. Latvian non-citizens and the citizenship debates", "Latvia: Investigate Attacks on Gay Activists", "Participation in International operations", "US-led coalition forces operation in OIF (Operation Iraqi Freedom)", "Dombrovskis and US Ambassador Garber visit Riga Airport to inspect cargo plane to Afghanistan", "One year on: ISAF's trans-European supply routes are a success", "NATO opens new communication lines to Afghanistan", "Nordic Military Alliance With Latvia in Afghanistan", "V.Dombrovskis: Latvia sees the opportunity to strengthen NATO's strategic communication capability", "Baltic Defence Ministers announced new defence cooperation initiatives", "Nordic Countries Invite Baltics to Join Defence Co-operation Framework", "Joint Baltic Military Staff to Be Established", "Turpina pieaugt iedzīvotāju atbalsts eiro ieviešanai", "Rimsevics: Failing to bail out Parex banka would result in closing down of four banks in Latvia", "Latvian GDP Shrank 18% in First Quarter, EU's Biggest Fall –", "Agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Latvia on Trade Relations and Intellectual Property Rights Protection", "Statistical Office of the European Commission (Eurostat), Monthly Bulletin: Table in chapter 09, section 01", "Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table", "UPDATE 2-IMF hails Latvia effort but sees risks ahead", "IMF Executive Board Concludes First Post-Program Monitoring Discussions with the Republic of Latvia, July 16, 2012", "Satiksmes ceļu garums gada beigās (kilometros)", "Reģistrēto automobiļu skaits ceturkšņa beigās", "The Outlook of Latvian Potential Underground Gas Storages and Prospects of Utilization of this Potential for Securing of Reliable Gas Supply to Europe", "TSG11-06. 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